Want to buy a fridge for home but need clarification on many options? Then, to choose the best fridge in India, you should consider various factors, including type, size, energy efficiency, cooling technology, features, design, brand reputation, and price. Considering these aspects, you can make an informed decision and find a refrigerator that meets your needs, enhances your kitchen, and has served you well for years. Whether you prioritise style, functionality, or budget, there's a refrigerator out there that fits your criteria perfectly.

Refrigerator Buying Guide: Types of Refrigerators

a. Single Door
Single-door refrigerators are compact and budget-friendly, ideal for small families or individuals. They typically have a freezer compartment on top and are energy-efficient, making them a good choice for those who do not require extensive storage.

b. Double Door
Double-door models come with a separate freezer compartment. They offer more storage space and are ideal for medium—to large families. These fridges generally have better cooling technology, making them suitable for preserving perishables longer.

Also Read: Buying Guide for Double Door Refrigerators: Things That You Must Know

c. Side-by-Side
Side-by-side refrigerators have two vertical doors, one for the fridge and one for the freezer. They are spacious and convenient for quickly accessing items. These are ideal for larger families or those requiring much-frozen food storage.

d. French Door
These luxurious models combine the features of a double-door and a side-by-side. They have a spacious fridge on top and a freezer below, often with multiple compartments. They offer a premium aesthetic and are great for large kitchens.

e. Mini Fridge
Mini refrigerators are compact, portable units perfect for dorm rooms, offices, or as secondary fridges in homes. They are not suitable for families but are convenient for storing drinks and snacks.

Refrigerator Buying Guide: Size and Capacity

Choosing the best fridge in India is crucial. The capacity you need depends on your family's size and lifestyle.

• Small Families (1-3 members): 100-250 liters
• Medium Families (4-6 members): 250-400 liters
• Large Families (7+ members): Above 400 liters

Consider the available space in your kitchen and ensure enough room for ventilation. Measure the area where you plan to place the refrigerator to avoid any size-related issues after purchase.

Read More: Refrigerators Under 10000 for Small Spaces.

Refrigerator Buying Guide: Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency should be a top consideration in a country with significant electricity costs. Look for refrigerators with high BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) ratings.

• 1 Star Refrigerator: Basic efficiency
• 2 Star Refrigerator: Moderately efficient
• 3 Star Refrigerator: Good efficiency
• 4 Star Refrigerator: Excellent efficiency
• 5 Star Refrigerator: Best efficiency

Higher star ratings typically lead to lower electricity bills over time, making it a worthwhile investment.

Refrigerator Buying Guide: Cooling Technology

The cooling technology of a refrigerator affects its performance and efficiency.

a. Frost Free
These refrigerators use a fan to circulate air and maintain an even temperature, preventing frost buildup. They are easy to maintain and are ideal for busy households.

b. Direct Cool
These fridges rely on natural convection and require manual defrosting. They are generally more affordable but may not maintain a consistent temperature as effectively as frost-free models.

Also This: Best Refrigerator Stand for Your Home.

Refrigerator Buying Guide: Features to Consider

a. Adjustable Shelves
Look for the best refrigerator with adjustable shelves for flexibility in storing items of different heights.

b. Moisture Control
Some models have humidity controls in the crisper drawers to keep fruits and vegetables fresh longer.

c. Door Alarm
A door alarm alerts you if the fridge door is left open, preventing energy wastage and food spoilage.

d. Fast Freeze Function
This feature rapidly lowers the temperature to quickly freeze new items, which is useful for preserving freshness.

Want the Best Double Door Refrigerators to Elevate Your Kitchen? Check Here.

e. Water Dispenser/Ice Maker
Many modern refrigerators come with built-in water dispensers or ice makers, which can be a great convenience.

Refrigerator Buying Guide: Build Quality and Design

When choosing the best fridge in India, focus on build quality and design. Opt for sturdy materials like stainless steel or high-quality plastic that can withstand daily use. A well-constructed fridge ensures longevity and minimizes the risk of wear and tear. Additionally, consider the design and aesthetics; select a style that complements your kitchen decor. Features like finger-resistant finishes can enhance practicality.

Look for thoughtful design elements such as adjustable shelves and spacious compartments, which improve functionality. A combination of durability and appealing design will ensure you get the best refrigerator that meets practical and aesthetic needs.

Read This: Best Side-by-Side Refrigerators That Will Help You Maximize Your Kitchen Storage

Refrigerator Buying Guide: Brand Reputation and Warranty

When buying a refrigerator, consider established brands known for their quality and service. Brands like LG, Samsung, Whirlpool, and Godrej have strong reputations in India.

Check the warranty terms, as a longer warranty period indicates the manufacturer’s confidence in their product.

Refrigerator Buying Guide: Budget

Refrigerator prices in India vary widely based on features, size, and brand. Generally, you can expect to pay:

• Single Door: ₹10,000 - ₹25,000
• Double Door: ₹25,000 - ₹50,000
• Side-by-Side: ₹50,000 - ₹1,00,000
• Mini Fridge: ₹10,000 - ₹20,000

Set a budget before you start shopping to narrow down your options effectively.

Refrigerator Buying Guide: Noise Level

When selecting a refrigerator, consider its noise level, especially if you have a small living space. Most modern fridges operate quietly, but some models can be louder than others, which may be bothersome. Look for noise ratings measured in decibels (dB); ideally, choose models below 40 dB for a quieter operation. Read customer reviews to gauge real-world noise levels and performance. A quieter refrigerator enhances comfort and contributes to a more peaceful home environment, making it an important factor in your purchasing decision.

Refrigerator Buying Guide: After-Sales Service

After-sales service is crucial when purchasing a refrigerator. Opt for brands with a reputation for reliable customer support and extensive service networks. Check the warranty terms, as a longer warranty indicates confidence in product durability. Ensure that service centers are accessible for timely repairs and maintenance in your area. Look for customer reviews to gauge service quality.

A good after-sales service can significantly enhance your ownership experience, providing peace of mind in case of appliance issues. Prioritising after-sales support can save you time and frustration in the long run.

FAQs
1. What refrigerator brand is best?
Several brands consistently receive high marks for their reliability and performance. Brands such as LG, Samsung, Whirlpool, GE, Bosch, KitchenAid, Sub-Zero, and Monogram are frequently praised for their dependable appliances and excellent customer satisfaction ratings.

2. What is the trend in refrigerators in 2024?
Refrigerators with functional features that may keep food fresh for longer will likely continue to trend in 2024. Humidity-controlled drawers have adjustable airflow to expose food to different humidity levels for optimal fresh storage.

3. How do I decide which refrigerator to buy?
You need to select a refrigerator with the right capacity based on your family's requirements. A larger refrigerator will not only cost you more money but will also take up more space in your kitchen. Manufacturers also mention the capacity of the freezer compartment.

The allure of a robot vacuum cleaner is hard to resist. Imagine coming home to spotless floors without having to lift a finger! These clever devices have revolutionised household cleaning, making it easier for busy individuals and families to maintain a tidy living space. However, with many options available, selecting the best robot vacuum cleaner can be daunting.

Whether you're a first-time buyer or looking to upgrade, this vacuum cleaner buying guide will help you navigate the essential features, types, and considerations that will make your purchase worthwhile.

Robot Vacuum Cleaner Buying Guide: Understanding Types of Robot Vacuums

Before diving into features, it's crucial to understand the different types of robot vacuums available on the market:

• Basic Robot Vacuums: These models typically focus on suction and navigation, making them suitable for light cleaning. They may not have advanced features like mapping or scheduling, which is why these vacuum cleaners are available for under 10000.
• Smart Robot Vacuums: These vacuums, equipped with Wi-Fi connectivity, can be controlled via smartphone apps. They often include features like scheduling, real-time monitoring, and integration with smart home systems.
• Robot Mops: Some robot vacuum cleaners combine vacuuming with mopping capabilities, allowing for deeper cleaning. They can handle various surfaces, including hard floors and low-pile carpets.
• Self-Emptying Robot Vacuums: These high-end models come with a base station that automatically empties the vacuum's dustbin, reducing the need for manual maintenance.

Also Read: Best Wet Cleaner for Floor: Cleaning with a touch of elegance.

Robot Vacuum Cleaner Buying Guide: Key Features to Consider

When choosing the best robot vacuum cleaner, consider the following features:

a. Suction Power: Suction power is crucial for effective cleaning. Look for models with adjustable suction settings, especially if you have different floor types (carpets, hardwood, etc.). Check reviews for real-world performance insights.
b. Navigation Technology: Navigation technology in robot vacuum cleaners varies from basic random navigation to advanced mapping systems. Basic models move in unpredictable patterns, while sophisticated ones use sensors and cameras to create home maps. This enables systematic cleaning and allows users to set designated zones and no-go areas more efficiently.
c. Battery Life: Battery life varies widely among models. A longer battery life means less frequent charging and more extended cleaning sessions. Look for vacuums that can run for at least 90 minutes, especially if you have a larger area to clean.
d. Dustbin Capacity: A larger dustbin can hold more debris, reducing the frequency of emptying. However, larger dustbins may add to the vacuum's overall size.
e. Smart Features

• App Control: Many automatic vacuum cleaners now offer smartphone apps for scheduling and monitoring.
• Voice Control: Integration with virtual assistants like Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant allows for hands-free operation.
• Mapping: Advanced models can create a map of your home, enabling you to designate cleaning zones and set no-go areas.

f. Filtration System: If you or anyone in your household has allergies, consider a vacuum with a HEPA filter, which effectively traps fine dust and allergens.

Robot Vacuum Cleaner Buying Guide: Performance and Cleaning Ability

a. Surface Compatibility: Check whether the robot vacuum suits your floor types. Some vacuums perform well on carpets but struggle on hard surfaces and vice versa.
b. Edge Cleaning: Many models use side brushes to clean corners and edges. This feature can significantly improve the overall cleanliness of your home.
c. Climbing Ability: If you have rugs or thresholds, ensure the robot vacuum can navigate over them. Most automatic vacuum cleaners can handle small obstacles, but checking the specifications is good.

Robot Vacuum Cleaner Buying Guide: Price Considerations

Robot vacuums come in a wide range of prices, typically from In India, robot vacuum cleaners generally range in price from Rs 15,000 to Rs 50,000 depending on features and brand, with budget options starting around Rs 15,000 and mid-range to high-end models going up to Rs 50,000 or more.

Robot Vacuum Cleaner Buying Guide: Maintenance and Durability

Regular maintenance is key to prolonging the life of your robot vacuum. Consider the following:

a. Filter Replacement: Check how often the filters need to be replaced. Some models have washable filters, while others may require replacements every few months.
b. Brush Maintenance: Hair and debris can get tangled in the brushes. Look for robot vacuum cleaners with easy-to-remove brushes for hassle-free cleaning.
c. Warranty and Support: A good warranty can provide peace of mind. Look for models with at least a one-year warranty and check customer support options.

Robot Vacuum Cleaner Buying Guide: Customer Reviews and Recommendations

Before making a purchase, it's essential to read customer reviews. It provides real-world insights into performance, reliability, and ease of use. It would help if you also looked for feedback on suction power, navigation efficiency, battery life, and user experiences with customer service and warranty claims. High ratings and positive comments often highlight a model's strengths, while critical reviews can reveal potential issues. So, before making any decision, it is crucial to consider both positive and negative reviews to form a balanced perspective and choose the best robot vacuum cleaner.

Robot Vacuum Cleaner Buying Guide: Where to Buy

Robot vacuum cleaners are available at various retailers, both online and in-store. Some popular places to shop include:

• Online Retailers: E-commerce and the manufacturers' websites often have competitive prices and customer reviews.
• Offline Stores: Visiting a store allows you to see the product in person and sometimes test it.

Final Thoughts of Robot Vacuum Cleaner Buying Guide

Investing in a robot vacuum can significantly reduce the time and effort required for household cleaning. By considering the various types, features, performance, and price points, you can find a model that fits your lifestyle and cleaning needs. Remember to assess your home’s specific requirements—whether it’s pet hair, allergies, or various floor types—to make the best choice.

Ultimately, the best robot vacuum cleaners will make your life easier and enhance your overall living environment by keeping it clean and fresh with minimal effort.

FAQs
1. What to look for when buying a robotic vacuum?
When buying a robot vacuum cleaner, consider suction power, navigation technology, battery life, dustbin capacity, and smart features like app control. Also, check for compatibility with your floor types, allergy filtration systems, and maintenance requirements. Customer reviews can also provide valuable insights into performance and durability.

2. Is 1500 pa suction good for a robot vacuum?
Yes, 1500 Pa suction is generally considered good for a robot vacuum. This suction level effectively picks up dust, pet hair, and small debris on various surfaces, including low—to medium-pile carpets and hard floors. However, higher suction power may be more effective for deep cleaning carpets.

3. What are the negatives of robot vacuums?
Robot vacuums have some drawbacks, including limited suction power compared to traditional vacuums, potential difficulty navigating complex layouts or obstacles, and reliance on battery life for cleaning sessions. They may also need help with thick carpets and require regular maintenance, such as emptying the dustbin and cleaning brushes.

As the temperatures drop, finding the best room heater can significantly improve your comfort and energy bills. Those blessed with a tropical climate can merely turn off their fans and bid adieu to their air conditioners. However, if you’re one of the many who have to deal with a chilly climate, consider bringing in a heater that can help you add warmth to your home.

With various options available, choosing the best room heater can seem daunting. This comprehensive room heater buying guide will walk you through essential considerations and tips to help you select the perfect heater.

Room Heater Buying Guide: Different Types of Room Heaters

Before discussing specific features and considerations, it's crucial to understand the different types of room heaters available. Each type has advantages and is suited to different heating needs.

a. Convection Heaters
Convection heaters work by warming the air in a room. They are ideal for heating larger spaces and maintaining a consistent temperature. There are two main types:

• Panel Heaters: These slim, wall-mounted heaters blend well with your room decor and provide steady, even warmth.

• Radiator Heaters: These heaters, often filled with oil, provide long-lasting heat. They are typically more energy efficient and can retain heat for a while, even after being turned off.

b. Fan Heaters
Fan heaters use a fan to blow air over a heated element, quickly warming a room. They are portable and offer rapid heating, making them ideal for small to medium-sized rooms. However, they can be noisy and may not be suitable for use at night.

c. Infrared Heaters
Infrared heaters emit infrared rays that directly heat objects and people in the room, rather than warming the air. They are efficient for spot heating and are excellent for smaller spaces. They offer immediate warmth and are usually silent.

d. Ceramic Heaters
Ceramic heaters use ceramic plates to produce heat. They are known for their quick warmup time and safety features, such as automatic shutoff. They are suitable for small to medium-sized rooms and are generally more energy efficient.

e. Gas Heaters
Gas heaters generate heat using natural gas or propane. They are powerful and can quickly heat large spaces. However, they require proper ventilation to avoid carbon monoxide buildup and are typically used in areas where gas is readily available.

Room Heater Buying Guide: Assessing Room Size and Heater Capacity

One of the most critical factors in choosing the best heater for room is ensuring it is appropriately sized for your space. Heaters are rated based on heating capacity, typically measured in British Thermal Units (BTUs) or watts. To determine the right capacity, follow these general guidelines:

• Small Rooms (up to 150 square feet): Look for a room heater with 1,000 to 1,500 watts or 3,400 to 5,100 BTUs.

• Medium Rooms (150 to 300 square feet): Choose heaters with 1,500 to 2,000 watts or 5,100 to 6,800 BTUs.

• Large Rooms (300 to 500 square feet): Opt for heaters with 2,000 to 3,000 watts or 6,800 to 10,200 BTUs.

These guidelines vary depending on insulation and room height, so consider these factors when selecting the best room heater.

Room Heater Buying Guide: Energy Efficiency and Cost

Heating your home can be a significant expense, so choosing an energy-efficient heater for room is essential for keeping costs down. Look for features that enhance efficiency:

• Thermostats: A heater with a built-in thermostat maintains a consistent temperature and prevents overheating, which can save energy.

• Timers and Programmable Settings: Timers allow you to set the heater to operate only when needed, reducing unnecessary energy consumption.

• Energy Star Ratings: Some heaters come with Energy Star ratings, indicating they meet specific energy efficiency standards.

Additionally, consider the operating costs of different types of heaters. Electric heaters are more expensive to run than gas heaters but generally easier to install and maintain.

Room Heater Buying Guide: Safety Features

Safety is a crucial consideration when choosing the room heater. Look for these important safety features:

• TipOver Switch: This feature automatically shuts off the heater if it is accidentally tipped over, reducing the fire risk.

• Overheat Protection: Heaters with this feature will turn off automatically if they get too hot, preventing potential hazards.

• CoolTouch Exterior: A cooltouch exterior ensures that the heater’s surface remains safe to touch, reducing the risk of burns.

• Automatic Shutoff: Some heaters have an automatic shutoff feature that activates when the heater reaches a specific temperature, or the room reaches the desired temperature.

Room Heater Buying Guide: Noise Levels

Noise can be a significant factor, especially if you plan to use the heater in a bedroom or office. Fan heaters and some gas heaters tend to be noisier compared to convection and infrared heaters. Consider how much noise you can tolerate and choose a heater that aligns with your comfort level.

Room Heater Buying Guide: Portability and Design

If you need to move your heater between rooms, portability is essential. Look for heaters with handles, wheels, or lightweight designs that make transportation easier. Additionally, consider the heater’s design and how well it fits your room decor.

Room Heater Buying Guide: Maintenance and Longevity

The ease of maintenance and the heater’s longevity are important factors. Some heaters, like infrared and ceramic models, require minimal maintenance. However, gas heaters and radiators may need regular servicing and cleaning to ensure optimal performance.

Room Heater Buying Guide: Additional Features

Modern heaters for rooms come with various additional features that can enhance convenience and performance:

• Remote Controls: Allows you to adjust settings from a distance, providing added convenience.

• Oscillation: Some heaters have oscillating features that distribute heat evenly throughout the room.

• Air Purification: Certain heaters include air purifiers to improve air quality as they heat.

Room Heater Buying Guide: Budget Considerations

Room heaters are available at various prices, so setting a budget can help narrow your options. While it might be tempting to go for the cheapest option, investing in a high-quality heater with better efficiency and safety features can save you money in the long run.

Room Heater Buying Guide: Brand Reputation and Reviews

Researching brands and reading customer reviews can provide valuable insights into a heater’s performance and reliability. Look for reputable brands with positive reviews and a history of good customer service. Checking product warranties can also give you peace of mind about your purchase.

FAQs

1. What type of heater is best for room?
For room heating, convection heaters are best for even, consistent warmth in medium to large spaces, while infrared heaters excel in quick, direct heating for smaller areas. Ceramic heaters offer rapid warmth with energy efficiency, and fan heaters provide fast heat but can be noisy.

2. How to select a heater for a room?
To select the best heater for home, consider the room size, desired heating speed, and energy efficiency. Choose convection heaters for even warmth in larger spaces or infrared heaters for quick, direct heat in smaller rooms. For convenience, evaluate safety features, noise levels, and additional functions like timers or thermostats.

3. What type of heater is safest?
Convection and ceramic room heaters are among the safest options due to their cool-touch exteriors and overheat protection. Oil-filled radiators also provide secure, long-lasting heat with minimal risk. To ensure safe operation, avoid heaters without safety features like tip-over switches or automatic shut-offs.

Clean, safe drinking water is essential for health and well-being. Choosing the best water purifier for home involves understanding water quality and the various filtration technologies, including reverse osmosis, activated carbon, UV, and distillation. You should also consider capacity, installation, maintenance, cost, and environmental impact. Evaluate certifications, brand reputation, and additional features to ensure you select a system that efficiently meets your needs for clean, safe drinking water.

This buying guide for water purifiers helps you navigate these considerations for an informed decision.

Water Purifier Buying Guide: Understanding Your Water Quality

Before purchasing the best water filter, it’s crucial to understand the quality of your water supply. A water test will reveal the contaminants in your water, such as chlorine, sediment, heavy metals, bacteria, or pesticides. Many water purifiers are designed to tackle specific contaminants, so knowing what’s in your water will help you choose the best water purifier in India that addresses your unique concerns.

Types of Contaminants

• Chlorine: Commonly used in municipal water treatment but can affect taste and odour.
• Sediment: Particles like dirt or rust that can clog pipes and appliances.
• Heavy Metals: Lead, mercury, and arsenic can be harmful if ingested over time.
• Microorganisms: Bacteria, viruses, and protozoa that can cause health issues.
• Pesticides and Chemicals: Residues from agricultural or industrial activities.

Water Purifier Buying Guide: Types of Water Purifiers

Water purifiers come in various types, each utilising different filtration technologies. Understanding these technologies will help you choose the best water purifier for home according to your needs.

• Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems: RO water purifiers use a semipermeable membrane to remove contaminants by forcing water through the membrane, leaving impurities behind.

• Activated Carbon Filters: These filters use activated carbon to absorb impurities and contaminants, improving taste and odour.

• UV (Ultraviolet) Purifiers: UV purifiers use ultraviolet light to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.

• Sediment Filters: These water filters remove larger particles like dirt, sand, and rust from water.

• Distillation Units: Distillers boil water to produce steam, which is then condensed into liquid form, leaving contaminants behind.

Water Purifier Buying Guide: Capacity and Size

Consider the capacity and size of the water purifier based on your household’s water consumption. Water purifiers come in various sizes, from small countertop models to larger under-sink systems.

• For Small Households: A compact countertop model or a pitcher filter may be sufficient.

• For Larger Households: An under-sink system or a whole-house filter might be necessary to meet higher water demands.

Water Purifier Buying Guide: Installation and Maintenance

Different water purifiers require varying levels of installation and maintenance. Evaluate the following aspects:

1. Installation:

• DIY vs. Professional Installation: Some purifiers, like pitcher filters, are easy to set up, while others, like RO water purifiers, may require professional installation.

• Space Requirements: Ensure adequate space for the water purifier and its components.

2. Maintenance:

• Filter Replacement: Check the frequency of filter changes and the cost of replacement filters.

• Cleaning: Some systems require periodic cleaning to maintain efficiency.

Water Purifier Buying Guide: Price and Budget

Water filters come in a wide range of prices, from budget-friendly options to high-end models. When setting your budget, consider the following:

• Initial Price: Includes the purchase price of the water purifier and installation fees, if applicable.

• Ongoing Price: Includes the cost of replacement filters, maintenance, and potential repairs.

Water Purifier Buying Guide: Certifications and Quality Standards

Ensure that the water purifier you choose meets industry standards and certifications. Look for certifications from organisations such as:

• NSF International: Certifies that the product meets specific performance and safety standards.

• WQA (Water Quality Association): Certifies products that meet high-quality and performance standards.

Certifications ensure that the cleaner has been tested for effectiveness and safety.

Water Purifier Buying Guide: Additional Features

Consider additional features that may enhance the functionality and make the choice of the best water purifier for home:

• Water Quality Indicators: Some models show when filters must be replaced or when water quality is compromised.

• Filter Life Monitoring: Monitors the lifespan of filters to ensure timely replacements.

• Flow Rate: Indicates how quickly the purifier can process water, affecting convenience and efficiency.

Water Purifier Buying Guide: Environmental Impact

Consider the water purifier's environmental impact. Some systems, like RO water purifiers, may waste water during purification. Look for models that minimize water wastage and use eco-friendly materials.

Water Purifier Buying Guide: Customer Reviews and Brand Reputation

Research customer reviews and brand reputation to gauge the reliability and performance to ensure your choice is the best water filter. Look for feedback on:

• Ease of Use: User experiences with installation, operation, and maintenance.

• Effectiveness: How well the purifier addresses specific contaminants

• Customer Service: Support and responsiveness of the brand.

Water Purifier Buying Guide: Trial Period and Warranty

Check if the water purifier comes with a trial period or satisfaction guarantee. Additionally, review the warranty terms to ensure coverage for defects or malfunctions. A good warranty provides peace of mind and protects your investment.

FAQs
1. How do I choose a water purifier for my home?
To choose the best water purifier for home, test your water to identify contaminants, then select a water purifier that targets those issues. Consider factors like filtration technology (RO, UV, carbon), capacity, installation needs, maintenance, and cost. Opt for certified products and check reviews to ensure reliability and effectiveness.

2. Is 350 TDS water good for you?
Water with a Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) level of 350 mg/L is generally safe for drinking but may have a noticeable taste. While it’s not harmful at this level, lower TDS is often preferred for better taste and quality. Consistently high TDS may indicate a need for filtration.

3. Should I buy a RO or UV water purifier?
Choose an RO water purifier to remove dissolved solids, heavy metals, and impurities, especially in areas with hard water. Opt for a UV water purifier if you primarily need to disinfect water by killing microorganisms. For comprehensive purification, consider an RO-UV combination system for added protection.